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AN 



HISTORICAL DISCOURSE 



ON OCCASION OF THE 



FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE GATHERING 



SECOND CHURCH, DORCHESTER, 



DELIVERED JANUARY 3. 1858. 



BY 

KEY. JAMES HOWx\RD MEANS, 

Pastor of the Second Church. 



BOSTON: 

PRESS OF T. R. MARVIN & SON, 42 CONGRESS STREET. 
1858. . 






Dorchester, January 4, 1858. 
To THE Rev. James H. Means: 

Dear Sir, — At a meeting of the Brethren^f the Second Church in Dor- 
chester, held this afternoon, it was voted, unanimously, that Dea, Charles 
Howe, and Bro. James Tucker, Jr., be a Committee to wait on the Pastor, 
and request for publication a copy of the Sermon preached yesterday, on the 
occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the organization of this Church. 

In conformity with the foregoing vote, we do hereby present you this re- 
quest, believing that your compliance with it will be gratefully received by 
the members of your Church and Society. 

Very respectfully and truly yours, 

CHARLES HOWE, ? Committee. 
JAMES TUCKER, Jr. S 



Dorchester, January 8, 1858. 
Dear Brethren : 

In accordance with your request, I transmit to you a copy of the Histo- 
rical Discourse preached last Sabbath. It was a pleasant service for me to 
review the history of a Church dear to us all ; and to pay a tribute, however 
inadequate, to one whose memory should ever be precious and honored here. 
May the services of this Anniversary so quicken our zeal, that the priv- 
ileges we enjoy shall be preserved unimpaired for those who shall follow us. 

"With much esteem, your friend and Pastor, 

J. H. MEANS. 
Dea. Charles Howe, 
James Tucker, Jr., Esq. 



• • • ••! 



DISCOURSE 



DEUTERONOMY xxvi. 17. 

THOU HAST AVOUCHED THE LORD, THIS DAY, TO BE THY GOD. 

Fifty years ago, on the 1st of January, 1808, 
the Eev. John Pierce, of Brookline, preached in 
this place from these words. With him were 
associated in the services of the day, the Rev. 
Dr. Harris of the First Church in this town, Dr. 
Porter and Dr. Gray of Poxbury, and Dr. Lathrop 
of the Second Church in Boston ; all, like himself, 
now numbered with the dead. Before them stood 
sixty-four members of the First Church, twenty- 
seven men and thirty-seven women, who had re- 
ceived a regular dismission ; and, having renewed 
their covenant engagements, were declared to con- 
stitute a regularly gathered Congregational Church. 
Of these sixty-four, eight only are living, seven of 
whom remain still connected with our communion. 
Thus this vine was planted, we trust, by the hand 



of the Lord ; to this beginning must be traced 
whatever influence in maintaining and difi"using 
the truth, and saving lost souls, this church may 
claim. 

Before reviewing the events of the half century 
since elapsed, it will be fitting for us, after the 
example of those who first united here in fellow- 
ship, to consider briefly, the advantages of entering 
publicly into covenant with God. 

In some form, this has been done from the flrst. 
The sacrifices in the family of Adam, the ofl'ering 
of Noah after the deluge, the circumcision of the 
family of Abraham, the observance of the passover 
by the Israelites, as well as the celebration of the 
Christian passover by our Lord's command, were 
all covenant transactions, in which a promise on 
the part of God was recognized, and a pledge 
given on the part of men. 

Thus, from the first, those who have believed 
have received special tokens and united in special 
services ; they have been called to stand together 
around some altar or place of testimony, there in 
common to own their relations to God. The or- 
ganization of bodies like this, whose formation we 
commemorate to-day, is, therefore, no strange or 
modern device ; it is in accordance with a plan, 
ancient as the earthly kingdom of God, and appeal- 
ing to principles of our nature, powerful in every 
age. 



I. A church organization is adapted to deepen the 
feeling of moral responsibility^/. 

The validity of God's claims does not, indeed, 
depend on our acknowledgment of them. Though 
despised, they are binding on all. The missionary 
may hail the Arab, coursing over the desert, or 
call to the proud Brahmin, and announce the im- 
meSiate supremacy of Him, whose holy name they 
have never ^before heard. And though in a Chris- 
tian land the Bible be scorned, and the Sabbath 
profaned, none the less will the sceptic be sum- 
moned to a strict account. Responsibility exists, 
when not confessed. 

But the work is, to make it felt. How shall we 
impress men, so ready to throw off restraint, with 
a deep, abiding, energetic sense of the claims of 
God 1 The way divine wisdom appoints is this ; 
to gather together those who feel their obligation, 
and, separating them from the world, to lead them 
to a public avouching that the Lord is their God 
forever. Henceforth they occupy a peculiar place. 
In the eyes of the world, there is a mark upon 
them ; and in their own consciousness there must 
be, if they have acted sincerely, a new, ever-present 
weight of responsibility. They have voluntarily 
declared their life-long purpose to serve God ; they 
have accepted, as their special charge, the interests 
of his cause on earth ; he has sealed them as his 
representatives, his ambassadors, to hold forth the 



word of life. Who have such a trust '? Who 
occupy so responsible a position 1 Who bear a 
name so sacred ] What self-searchings, self-cruci- 
fixion, what daily seeking of grace from above, are 
needed to meet their solemn duties. ' Let not the 
world have dominion over my heart ' — should each 
one say — ' let me not heed its maxims, or pant for 
its prizes ; I am the Lord's.' ' I see ungodly men 
pursuing their ungodly schemes ; around are de- 
ceivers, slanderers, oppressors, defrauders ; oh, my 
soul, come not thou into their secret, lest the name 
thou bearest be dishonored.' ' Behold the gay and 
unbelieving throng ; how careless, yet in what 
jeopardy ; going down to hell, yet they, even they, 
may rise to heaven ; by all the vows I have uttered, 
by all my professed experience of grace, I am con- 
strained to hasten to their recovery. Let others 
pass them by, I cannot, without peculiar guilt.' 

Thus do momentous obligations press on him 
who has covenanted with God. He may, notwith- 
standing all, come short ; but it will be in the face 
of clear convictions of duty, and solemn remon- 
strances of conscience, and monitions from the 
very place of his espousals, powerfully tending to 
make him a faithful man. 

n. A church organization appeals to the power of 
sympathy. 

It promotes fidelity in Christian duty, by the 



impulse that comes from association with others 
similarly engaged. There is no tie, unless that of 
the family, that binds men in so close a union. 
The differences of lineage, occupation, social rank, 
are not recognized ; in a perfect church they would 
be entirely forgotten ; love to Christ, the desire of 
holiness, the hope of heaven, emotions in which all 
participate, are all in all. And the fruit of this is 
brotherly love, a peculiarly Christian sentiment, 
higher than friendship, more lasting than the bond 
of marriage. 

Many can testify of this. On the very morning 
on which I was writing these lines, there came to 
me a Christian brother who, in circumstances of 
much discouragement, had been from place to 
place, endeavoring to earn a livelihood. Allusion 
was made to the comfort he might derive from his 
hope in Christ, and his eyes filled with tears, as he 
said that wherever in his wanderings he met a 
warm-hearted Christian, there he found a friend and 
brother. 

I need not tell you, that we were made for such 
sympathy, and that no human power can so shape 
our course and destiny, as the living contact of one 
we love. It is given to kings, by their royal author- 
ity, to change the actions of men ; it is given to the 
humblest, by the quick sympathies of piety, to do 
more — to change the heart. The church is intend- 
ed to develop this wondrous power. Its members 



8 

are brethren ; they have one Lord, one faith, one 
heavenly baptism, one conflict, and one reward. 
Is this one exalted and filled with joy 1 he becomes 
a witness to the rest of the power of grace. Is 
that one remarkably sustained in sudden affliction '? 
the faith of others is encouraged. Does God bless 
the labors of another, and make him eminently 
useful ] the faint-hearted, the slothful, are urged to 
a like activity. Does one fall into sin and a horror 
of darkness seize upon him 1 his associates are 
humbled and warned. And when one goes through 
the dark valley, and declares that the good Shepherd 
is comforting him unto the end, who is there, joined 
with him in faith, who is not nerved to await, with 
better courage, his own dissolution 1 

Our union is not by an outward bond ; it is by 
the fellowship of the heart. Many who would 
fall, being alone, are thus sustained; and graces 
that would lie undeveloped, like seeds amid arctic 
frosts, spring into vigorous life in this warmer 
atmosphere of love. The most efficient Christians 
are those who seek the sympathy of others, and 
are joined to the church, which is the company 
of believers, in reality, as well as name. 

III. A church organization is a witness to the 
world of the truth of the gospel. 

It is a spiritual temple, ' built upon the founda- 
tion of Apostles and Prophets, Jesus Christ him- 



self being the corner stone.' And so its very 
existence bears witness to the truth as it is in 
Jesus. As Elijah overlooked the scattered thou- 
sands who had not bowed to Baal, so there would 
be danger, were there no central rendezvous for 
Christians, that their presence in the world would 
be denied by the unbelieving. The church brings 
them together in a body ; its covenant unites them 
in one. There they are, to be seen of all. It is no 
more a question, whether Christ has his followers 
on earth. They may be numbered. Say not, thou 
rationalist, that belief in ' the doctrines of the 
cross ' is passing away. E-ead those ' declarations 
of faith,' to which so many have given a solemn 
assent, as the basis of all their hopes. Think not, 
proud scoffer, that the church is declining. It 
extends not as we could desire, but it does in- 
crease ; it divides, and is not weakened ; the fathers 
die, and the prophets do not live for ever, but the 
children and children's children rise up, and, as of 
old, the undiminished family surround the table of 
the Lord. A half century, a century passes, and 
only in name is the church old. There is no ebb- 
ing of vitality ; there may be even the renewing of 
youth. It seems more likely to live on, it promises 
to bless a larger circuit, than when it first orig- 
inated ; for it draws its being, not from the springs 
of human life, but from the fo undation of vitality in/^^^^u/ 
Christ. Thus it enshrines and preserves, from age 



■L<yL \J CUyK.^ 



10 

to age, his life, his truth. Continually it proclaims 
that his advent has not been in vain ; and, coming 
to us with a history fragrant with memories of 
struggles, persecutions, triumphs, adorned with the 
nariies of saints now in glory, it confirms, by the 
simple fact that it still lives, our faith in all the 
promises of a brighter day. 

It is then a blessing for any place, to have a 
church of Christ gathered in its midst. A com- 
munity is not in a perfect state, though abounding 
in wealth and culture, till there exists an organ- 
ized band of the followers of Christ, pledged to 
live for him, and helping each other to be faithful. 
Without this, the truth of God will be despised, 
children run wild in sin, the public conscience be 
corrupted, and the commonwealth perish in con- 
fusion. The influence of the church is felt by 
those who never seek its blessings. As the floating 
ice-berg chills the air and water for miles around, 
before it is visible to the strongest eye-glass, so 
does a church, as it were, change the very atmos- 
phere about it, and bless multitudes who cannot 
see the source of good. 

Prompted by such sentiments as to the benefits 
of entering into covenant with God, the first set- 
tlers of this ancient town, in the early part of the 
year 1630, assembled at Plymouth, in England, and 
under the guidance of Rev. John White, were or- 



11 

ganized into a Church, and received the Rev. John 
AVareham and Eev. John Maverick as their pastors. 
They sailed on the 30th of March, O. S., correspond- 
ing to our 11th of April, and after a stormy pas- 
sage of two months, during which they held a 
daily religious service, were landed at Nantasket. 
Soon after, a settlement was formed within the 
present limits of our town, which received its name 
in grateful commemoration of the piety and ser- 
vices of Mr. White, " the patriarch of Dor- 
chester," as he was often called, who, though he 
never crossed the ocean, was the active coadjutor 
of many that came, and exerted an influence in the 
settlement of New England, second to no other. 
It is recorded that many of the Dorchester settlers 
were " men of note and figure," but we honor them, 
above all, as men of piety, who came to this land 
as an organized Christian community, bringing 
pastors wdth them, and from the first ' avouching the 
Lord to be their God.' With how many prayers, 
with what ' strong crying and tears,' from those 
exiles of Christ, were the foundations of our town 
laid. 

In 1635 and 1636, a majority of the original 
church, formed in England, removed to Windsor, 
Connecticut, with Eev. Mr. Wareham, their only 
pastor ; Mr. Maverick having died. 

A new church, made up in part of members of 
the former one, was organized here in August, 



12 

1636, and chose as pastor, Hev. Eichard Mather, 
one of the leading ministers of the day, the father 
of Increase, and grandfather of Cotton Mather, 
and the principal author of the ' Cambridge Plat- 
form of Church Government,' which is regarded as 
an authority, even to the -present time. The cov- 
enant of this church (now known as the First 
Congregational Church in Dorchester) was solemn 
and simple, and contains not a few expressions 
which have been adopted in our own. 

It is not fitting, on this occasion, to enter in 
detail on the history of the ancient church from 
which our organization sprang. Yet we think of 
lit as the spiritual home of our fathers, who held 
the like precious faith with us, and w^ho transmit- 
ted to us the truth and religious privileges we now 
enjoy. For one hundred and seventy-one years 
that was the only church in this town, stretching 
its sheltering wings over those who came from 
many miles in either direction ; a" strong and an 
efficient church, in every generation. 

About the year 1805, in consequence of the 
increasing population, measures were taken with 
reference to the formation of a Second Church in 
the south part of the town. The expediency of 
such a step was generally admitted, and the town 
was urged to erect a meeting-house, but declined. 
A company was therefore formed, who purchased 
a site for the edifice, and on the 7th of August, 



13 

1805, a large number of persons assembled on this 
spot to unite in prayer, before the raising of the 
building was commenced ; and a larger number, 
six days after, to give thanks that the work had 
been accomplished with success. Hymns and an- 
thems were also chanted by a choir. So mindful 
were our fathers, that " except the Lord build the 
house, they labor in vain that build it." 

On the 30th of October, 1806, the edifice hav- 
ing been completed, as the records say, " in a 
plain, but much approved style," was solemnly 
dedicated to the service of God. The day was ren- 
dered unpleasant by the constant falling of snow, 
but a large concourse assembled. A band of music 
performed ; and one who was present has recorded, 
that one of the hymns was sung to a " very gay 
tune." The E-ev. Dr. Harris, then styled " minister 
of the town," preached from Acts ii. 42 : " They 
continued steadfastly in the Apostles' doctrine and 
fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in 
prayers." Soon after, most of the pews were sold 
for ^25,730, more than ^10,000 above the cost, 
which profit was divided among the original share- 
holders ; forming a rare instance where the building 
of a meeting-house has resulted in gain to those 
engaged in it. 

In June of the succeeding year, (1807,) leave 
having been given by the town, an act of incor- 
poration for a Second Parish was obtained. On 



14 

the 21st of December, (after several preliminary 
meetings had been held,) sixty-four members were 
dismissed from the First Church, to be formed into 
a new organization by an Ecclesiastical Council. 
The separation was accompanied with many ex- 
pressions of brotherly love, on both sides ; a most 
fraternal address being presented by those leaving 
the old church, to which a reply, equally kind in 
its tone, was returned. An arrangement was made 
for the equitable division of the income of the 
personal and real estate of the church. The prop- 
erty itself was divided at a later date, (1818.) 

On the 1st of January, 1808, the Council called 
by those desiring church organization, assembled 
in this place. Dr. Gray, of Jamaica Plain, offered 
the introductory prayer ; Dr. Lathrop, of Boston, 
as Moderator, received the assent of the members 
to the covenant, and made the constituting prayer ; 
Dr. Pierce, of Brookline, preached ; Dr. Porter, of 
Roxbury, presented the right hand of fellowship to 
Stephen Badlam, Esq., as the reptesentative of the 
church ; and Dr. Harris concluded the services by 
prayer and benediction. A large audience was 
gathered, and the tone of the services was joyous 
and hopeful ; though some expressions betrayed a 
suppressed fear that the harmony which had thus 
far prevailed, might be disturbed. The covenant 
used on that occasion was modeled after the origi- 
nal covenant of the First Church, and was more 



15 

brief than the one we now use, and with a much 
less definite confession of faith. * 

The attention of the church was at once turned 
to the settlement of a pastor. Several candidates 
were heard, and during the summer. Rev. John 
Codman, who had then recently returned from 
Europe, where he had been pursuing his studies in 
theology, was invited to preach a preparatory lec- 
ture. He struck the key-note of his ministry well, 
for his text was, " I am not ashamed of the Gospel 
of Christ." Having also ofiiciated upon two Sab- 
baths, on the 9th of September, the church, by a 
unanimous vote, invited him to the pastoral office ; 
and the parish, by a vote nearly unanimous, after- 
wards concurred. 

Before accepting this call, the pastor elect ex- 
plicitly communicated his views upon doctrinal 
points, declaring that his " faith in general was 
conformable to the Assembly's Catechism," and 
asking that Dr. Watts's Hymns should be sub- 
stituted for the collection then in use. To this, 
both, church and parish consented; and, on the 
6th of November, he gave an affirmative answer 
to the call. 

He "was ordained in this place on the 7th of 
December, 1808, by a Council consisting of twelve 
pastors of Boston and vicinity, with their dele- 
gates. Of these pastors, all but one (the venera- 

* The covenant assumed its present form in 1834. 



16 

ble Dr. Lowell) have died. The sermon on that 
occasion was preached by Dr. Channing, from the 
words : " Be instant in season, out of season." 
Though printed at the time, and attracting much 
attention, the author has not given it a place in 
his collected works. Yet it was a production of 
rare power and beauty ; a plea for ministerial zeal, 
grounded on the example of Christ — the danger- 
ous circumstances of those whom the preacher 
addressed — the fact that his own eternal inter- 
ests are involved in the faithful discharge of his 
duties — the concern God has expressed for the 
salvation of men, for which " the Son of God him- 
self left the abodes of glory, and expired a victim 
on the cross." After the sermon. Dr. Osgood, of 
Medford, delivered the charge; and Dr. Harris, 
with characteristic tenderness of feeling, gave the 
right hand of fellowship. 

The young pastor, now in the twenty-seventh year 
of his age, commenced, in the spirit of the admo- 
nitions given at his ordination, his responsible work. 
His genial warmth of feeling, and simplicity of style, 
made him a preacher attracting to himself not only 
the minds of his hearers, but their hearts ; and 
the whole Society felt the presence of a living soul. 
Not many months, however, had passed, before it 
became evident that there was a serious difference 
of opinion in regard to the course he pursued. 

I shall not, I need not, enter into the details of 



17 

the painful controversy that followed, and contin- 
ued for more than three years. Let the ashes 
smoulder undisturbed. I shall only give v^hat 
seems to me, after reading carefully the statements 
on both sides, a truthful narrative of those facts, 
v^hich must be mentioned in a historical sketch of 
this church. The first formal complaint against 
the pastor was in a letter sent to him in November, 
1809, objecting that he restricted his exchanges to 
a portion of the ministers of the city and vicinity ; 
and this fact was, from first to last, the most prom* 
inent complaint urged against him. 

At that time, as you know, although differences 
of opinion existed among Congregationalists, the 
separation of the Orthodox from the Unitarian 
portion, had not taken place, nor was such a 
separation generally anticipated. Ministerial ex- 
changes w^ere, on the part of most, made indiscrim- 
inately. That policy, it was asserted, the pastor of 
this church had in private pledged himself to pur- 
sue ; but that assertion he always met by an une- 
quivocal and firm denial ; and when the matter 
was brought before an ecclesiastical council, under 
the charge that he had uttered falsehood, in making 
a promise which he did not keep, they pronounced 
the accusation not sustained. 

The controversy continued for two years, before 
a council was called; during which time many 
letters passed from side to side, and many meetings 



18 

of the church and society were held. A large 
majority of the church sustained the pastor, and 
by formal votes, as well as in more private ways, 
showed the warmest sympathy. One hundred and 
eighty-one ladies presented an energetic address, 
in which they besought their pastor " to bear up 
against the host of troubles that beset him, like a 
good soldier of Jesus Christ." And at the same 
time, not forgetting their dependence on a higher 
power, they instituted that ladies' weekly prayer 
meeting, which has continued to this day. The 
parish were more equally divided ; and on one occa- 
sion a vote was passed, declaring the connection 
between the pastor and parish to be extinct. 

During all this time, Mr. Codman bore himself 
with eminent firmness and prudence. The bless- 
ing of God attended his preaching, and in the 
midst of dissension, the church was strengthened 
by the addition of many converts. At last, after 
much discussion, a council of twelve churches, 
six chosen by each side, was called, October 30, 
1811, who, after prolonged investigation, dismissed 
the minor charges, but were equally divided in 
regard to the main difficulty concerning exchanges. 
The matter, therefore, still remained unsettled; 
and another year of even increased discord fol- 
lowed. 

On the 12th of May, 1812, a second council 
assembled, composed of the pastors and delegates 



19 



of eight churches, (four selected by each party,) 
with Eev. Dr. Lathrop, of West Springfield, as 
moderator and umpire. The direct question was 
now proposed, whether the pastoral relation should 
be dissolved ; and it was decided in the negative, 
by the casting vote of the moderator, who accom- 
panied his decision, with a recommendation that 
the pastor should modify his course respecting 
exchanges. To some extent this was done ; but 
not so as to satisfy his opponents. 

The difficulties now hastened to their crisis, and 
on the 29th of November, 1812, in accordance 
with a vote of the parish, the pastor was forbidden 
entrance to his own pulpit, and another minister 
placed there, in gross violation of his rights. 
Nevertheless, he preached as usual, morning and 
afternoon, though compelled in the forenoon to 
speak from the floor of the house. The next day 
it was apparent, that his opponents had gone alto- 
gether too far; public sentiment turned against 
them. Arrangements were therefore soon made, 
in accordance with which they sold their pews and 
retired from the parish, to form a new society ; 
thus terminating this unhappy controversy. 

Had this been merely a parish conflict, I should 
not have thought it needful to have given to it 
more than a passing allusion ; but it has a histori- 
cal importance. It was an event which attracted 
wide notice at the time, and which led to great 



20 

results. This controversy foreshadowed and pre- 
pared for the division of the Congregational body 
into two separate portions. Here it was first 
openly proclaimed by a church, that the diiferences 
of opinion existing between those who had thus far 
walked together, were too great and fundamental 
for cordial fellowship, or for consistent ministerial 
exchanges. We regret that a separation was neces- 
sary ; but that it was, we can have no doubt. 
Better has it been for both parties ; better for the 
cause of peace and good-will, that those who were 
not agreed, should not seek to hide their diifer- 
ences by suppressing their honest convictions, but 
should walk apart. We may still cherish all 
kindly feelings, and interchange all neighborly 
acts, with those from whom we have separated, 
while we declare our conviction, that there is a 
real and radical difference of belief in respect to 
the Gospel of Christ. 

More pleasant scenes are now before us. From 
the period which we have now reached, the pastor 
and a united society labored and prayed together. 
For many years, no events stand out so prom- 
inently as to claim special notice. The truth was 
faithfully preached to an increasing congregation, 
and the blessing of God attended it. Although 
there was no general awakening, which could be 
termed a revival, till about twenty years after the 
church was formed, there was a steady growth by 



21 

accessions each year. In 1818, the Sabbath school 
was organized, under the superin tendency of the 
late Deacon Sharp, and from it have since come a 
large number of the members of the church. In 
the winter of 1826-27, the gracious effusions of the 
Spirit were vouchsafed. Never before, or since, has 
this community been so powerfully aroused. No 
special means were used, other than more frequent 
meetings for prayer, in various parts of the parish ; 
but religion became the great topic of conversa- 
tion and of interest ; and as the result, between 
fifty and sixty were added, by profession, to the 
church. 

The time had now arrived for the church to 
show its practical belief that " there is that scat- 
tereth, and yet increaseth," by sending out a colony 
to occupy a station by itself In 1828, a building 
used as a vestry by this church, was moved to the 
' Lower Mills Village,' and formally dedicated as 
the Village Chapel. In February, 1829, twenty- 
one members were dismissed, that they might be 
organized into a separate body, which is now known 
as the Village Church. This movement proceeded 
with entire harmony among all concerned. The 
pastor of this church not only gave it his cheerful 
approval, but aided, indeed sustained it, by his 
munificence. For more than a year he paid the 
whole amount needed for ministerial services, and, 
to the end of his life, that church, made up of 



22 

many very dear to him, shared in his sympathies 
and benefactions. There was a separation, but no 
division, when that church was formed. 

Again we find the current of affairs flowing on 
peacefully and uneventfully, for many years. In 
1840, there was another season of special religious 
interest, during which between thirty and forty 
were received upon profession of their faith ; and 
in 1842, also ; on one memorable day in which 
year, twenty-eight new members, twenty of them 
young men, were received ; the largest number who 
have ever been admitted at one time. In 1844, a 
number of members withdrew for the purpose of 
forming another Orthodox society, which, after con- 
tinuing for a season, has become extinct. 

We now approach the close of the pastor's 
life. For nearly thirty-nine years, he had labored 
here devotedly, favored with almost uninterrupted 
health. To an uncommon degree he loved his 
work, and was happy with his people. Like Gold- 
smith's pastor, whom in other respects also he 
resembled, 

** He ne'er had changed, nor wished to change, his place," 

and, quietly discharging the duties of a " good min- 
ister of Jesus Christ," he stamped the impress of 
his own character of faith and love, and beheld the 
church strong, efficient, and united. 

In June, 1847, he first perceived the symptoms 

»LofC. 



23 

of disease. He continued, however, to preach till 
the 17th of October, when his last sermon was 
delivered here from the words, " As for me, and 
my house, we will serve the Lord." Only a few 
more labors were to be performed. On the 16th of 
November, he attended the funeral of the oldest 
member of the church, a patriarch of ninety years, 
who had been to his pastor a faithful friend, amid 
the trials of his youth. 

On the 5th of December, within two days of 
the thirty-ninth Anniversary of his Ordination, he 
entered this church for the last time. Too feeble 
to ascend the pulpit, he waited below till the time 
of the Sacrament. Who that was here, can ever 
forget the scene ! Fitly was it ordered, that the 
Pastor, so affectionate in his disposition, who so 
delighted in the gathering of the family of Christ 
around his table, should close his ministry there. 
With faltering voice he prayed, with trembling 
hand he broke the bread, and his work was done. 
He whose first words before this people declared 
that he was " not ashamed of the gospel of Christ," 
by his last act testified the same. 

Eighteen days followed, of increasing illness and 
pain, cheered by the attentions of numerous friends 
and by Christian faith and hope; and then, the 
tolling bell, breaking on the stillness of a winter's 
morning, proclaimed that he who so long had been 
the shepherd of the flock, loving and beloved, had 



24 

passed to his rest and his reward. What heart in 
any of your homes was not sad that day ; what eye 
refused to weep. 

Sahle drapery shrouded the house of God — no 
unmeaning tribute ; families, bowing under a com- 
mon grief, thronged to their accustomed place ; 
ministers of the word, in large numbers, came to 
the burial of their father; the solemn rites were 
duly performed ; and dust returned to dust. 

Let us linger a moment beside this grave. This 
church is what it is, owing, under God, to what 
Dr. Codman was and did. God raised him up for 
this place. His social position and wealth enabled 
him to sustain himself and the church, when an- 
other, differently situated, would probably have 
been overcome. His natural courtesy and dignity, 
his sincere piety, his deep grounded convictions of 
the truth, his generosity in helping on every Chris- 
tian enterprise, his skill in judging of men, his 
quickness and activity of mind ; above all, his 
genial, overflowing love, gave him a strong hold on 
the confidence and esteem, and a strong power over 
the conduct of those with whom he was associated. 
And the long continuance of his ministry made it 
especially true, in his case, ' as is the pastor, so are 
the people.' 

His life presents a beautiful picture. I see him 
a young man, enthusiastic, social, flattered by the 
world ; yet turning away from all its allurements, 



25 

and choosing the lot of a minister of Christ ; ask 
ing, then, not what preaching would be popular, 
but what most useful ; shrinking not from re- 
proach or opposition ; bearing himself with pru- 
dence and courage, worthy of a veteran. Then, 
when the strife had passed, giving himself wholly 
to his work ; asking no large emolument, ' seeking 
not yours, but you ; ' a friend of all the benevolent 
operations of the day, a lover of all good men, 
enjoying in union with one rarely endowed for a 
help-meet, the fullness of domestic happiness ; and 
at last, after a well-spent life, falling at the altar 
where he had so long ministered, dying peacefully 
in his cherished home, and laid to his last repose 
among his own people. What is wanting to the 
completeness of such a life ? 

No one could fill his place ; no one sought to. 
There are pages in the records of this church, there 
is a spot in your memories, sacred to him alone. 
On the last day on which he entered this sanctu- 
ary, your present pastor came with him, conducted 
by him to the pulpit door. For three months from 
that time, I supplied the vacant desk, when, receiv- 
ing a nearly unanimous call, I gave my assent to 
it, influenced especially by what seemed to me 
marked providential indications of my duty. 

On the 13th of July, 1848, I was ordained. 
Nine and a half years have since quickly passed. 



26 

They have been uneventful, and yet have wrought 
many changes. Not a few venerable forms have 
disappeared from these seats ; one hundred of the 
congregation have I committed to the grave ; and 
children, born since I came here, are filling the 
vacant places. 

No general religious awakening has been vouch- 
safed, but there has been no year without additions 
both by letter and profession ; and one- third of the 
present members of the church have been received 
during this period. The congregation has been 
large and regular in attendance ; and in 1854, for 
their better accommodation, this house was remod- 
eled, and assumed its present tasteful and commo- 
dious appearance. The relations of the pastor to 
the officers and members of the church, it becomes 
me gratefully to acknowledge, have been uninter- 
ruptedly harmonious, and your constant kindness 
has made my work pleasant and light. And so, at 
the expiration of its first half-century, this church 
is vigorous and united, still resting upon the same 
truths which our fathers loved. 

From the beginning to the present time, eight 
hundred and fifty-three individuals have been con- 
nected with it, two hundred and ninety-two being 
received by letter, and five hundred and sixty-one, 
or nearly two-thirds of the whole, by profession. 
Of these, about two hundred and seventy have been 



27 

dismissed to other churches, and about two hundred 
and fifty-five have died in its membership ; leaving, 
after we deduct those suspended and excluded, three 
hundred and six as the present number of com- 
municants. The office of deacon has been filled 
by twelve of the brethren, of whom seven have 
fallen asleep, ' having obtained a good degree,' and 
four now bear office. Eleven of its members have 
entered the ministry, and others are looking for- 
ward to the same work.* Would that we had also 
sent forth some missionary of the cross to foreign 
shores. 

But these figures and numbers are cold. They 
do not represent the real working and influence of 
the church. Its lines stretch out unseen, marked 
only by the eye of God. To know what this 
church has effected during the fifty years of its 
existence, we must know the spiritual history of 
the thousands, members of three different genera- 
tions, or four, who have gathered within these 
walls ; we must know the influence of its eight 
hundred and fifty members, each one of whom has 
communicated, by the fireside, in the walks of 



* It seems fitting that these pages should preserve the names of those, to 
whom this church is thus indebted, or by whose usefulness it has been 
honored. The Deacons who have died, are Stephen Badlam, Ebenezer 
Withington, Joseph Clap, William Hitchings, Samuel Capen, Isaac Howe, 
and Edward Sharp. Those members who have entered the ministry, are 
Leonard Withington, D. D., Calvin White, John Wild, Otis Holmes, William 
M. Rogers, Foster Thayer, Richard Tolman, Uriah Balkam, George Leeds, 
Andrew B. Foster, and Lyman Cutler, 



28 

business, in society, the impulses here received, 
and some of whom have gone forth to far' distant 
lands ; we must follow the eight hundred baptized 
children of this church, many of whom have been 
received to other communions, in all their wander- 
ings ; we must look into the homes this church has 
overshadowed, and upon the graves it has blessed ; 
we must learn the effect of all the prayers that 
have been offered here, some of which have been 
answered, and others are still as " a memorial before 
God ; " we must know what impressions its simple 
existence here, as a monument blazoned with divine 
truth, pointing heavenward, and ringing out its 
Sabbath peal, has made upon the passing throng ; 
we must follow, to their eternal rest and glory, all 
those who, year after year, have passed from our 
fellowship to the church on high. No historical 
review can take up such particulars as these ; and 
yet, until they are included, how imperfect the 
survey. 

And now, beloved friends, in the retrospect of 
the past, are we not called to express our thankful- 
ness to God ? I would avoid all empty boasting ; 
I know that we have come far short of being a pure 
or perfect church ; but certainly this has been a 
church highly favored. Viewing the struggle of 
its early years as a conflict for the truth, which 
God overruled for good, we cannot regret it now ; 



29 

and it has given this church and its first pastor an 
honorable place in the religious annals of New 
England. 

Then you have always respected the independ- 
ence of the pulpit, and the proper dignity of the 
ministerial office. There is much said, in these 
days — often unjustly, I think — to the effect that 
ministers are afraid to speak out their honest con- 
victions. Your pastors have never known such a 
fear ; they have been sure you would confess their 
right to utter whatever duty seemed to require. 

This has been, also, a praying church. In sea- 
sons of trial, its early members learned the need 
and the power of prayer. Praying women have, 
from the first, been its bulwark of strength, and 
are so now. Its special and annual days of fasting 
and supplication have been always observed with 
deep interest and fervor. A conviction of depend- 
ence on God is often and emphatically confessed 
among us. 

A spirit of beneficence may be mentioned, as 
another characteristic. There has been a readiness 
to respond generously to every appeal. For forty 
years you had before you a noble example of 
large-hearted liberality ; and not in vain. The total 
amount of your contributions, I know not; but 
I can say that every prominent object of Chris- 
tian enterprise has received a steady and gener- 
ous support. You have not needed to be urged ; 



30 

my experience has taught me that a hmt is better 
than an exhortation. 

More than all, the life-giving presence of God has 
been with this church from the first. Its growth 
has been, in general, from the effects quietly and 
steadily following the regular means of grace. There 
have been but three years, out of the fifty, when 
any general awakening has been enjoyed ; but, on 
the other hand, only two years in which there have 
not been some new converts received. God has 
thus been ever present, even until now, bearing- 
witness to his truth. I mention these things, not 
to encourage self-satisfaction, only to testify to the 
goodness of God. We dare not boast, lest we turn 
our glory into shame ; but we must magnify and 
praise Him, by whose grace we have been sus- 
tained. 

Finally, dear brethren, consider your responsibil- 
ity. Successors of a long line of godly men, exiles 
and pilgrims for the truth's sake ; entering into 
the labors of those of a later age, who have strug- 
gled for what they believed the pure doctrine of 
Christ ; inheritors of all the blessings that now, 
for half a century, God has poured upon this spot, 
of the bright examples, the toils, the prayers, the 
hopes of the pious dead ; are ye not called, to-day, 
to renew your covenant, and henceforth so to live, 
that this church, now honored, and may we not 



31 

say, venerable, shall have before it a future, even 
brighter than the past ] 

By the solemnity of our vows ; by the power 
there is in united, sympathizing action ; by the 
mission of the church to bear the life-giving truth 
to those perishing in unbelief and guilt — are we 
not bound to seek an increasing development of 
life and power! To sit here, where so many 
have been born to God, unreconciled to him ; 
even to be here with such responsibilities, and 
only, mindful of our own safety, is surely to pro- 
voke swift-coming judgments. 

As to-day, then, we set up our memorial, saying, 
" Hitherto hath the Lord helped us," we draw 
from the past no warrant for presumption ; only 
courage to trust God for the years to come, and 
incentives to fidelity. Precious and sacred is our 
charge. We have received it from hands now 
mouldering back to dust, and unborn generations 
expect it in their turn. 

In other lands, you may stand beneath the lofty 
arches of cathedrals, which have echoed with the 
praises of God for near a thousand years, while 
you press the dust of those who also worshiped 
there, before ever a white man's foot trod these 
shores. Then you feel how enduring is the life 
of the church. 

We cannot here boast such a past ; but we may 
have a future even more prolonged. I love to 



32 

think of this church as abiding here until the end 
of time. By the title-deed of the ground beneath 
us, it is secured for ever (so far as such deeds have 
power) for a sacred use. Why may not Christ be 
worshiped on this spot, till he shall appear in 
glory ] This building must fall ; but the church, 
which is Christ's body,- cannot be so destroyed. 
The half-century gone by, may be but the first 
period of its infancy. With what trembling solic- 
itude, then, should we guard its divine life ] 

We are not alone in our care. Spirits of the 
just made perfect, may still watch the place of 
their heavenly birth. Angels, ministering to the 
heirs of salvation, have learned the way hither. 
And God, the Father, the Son, and the Holy 
Spirit, with ceaseless love, remembereth those who 
confess his name, and trust his grace. 



THE LORD OUR GOD BE WITH US, AS HE WAS WITH 
OUR FATHERS. 



26 



D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature 



Results of Experiments on Contact Resistance. By 
Professor W. A. Norton. — American Journal of Science 

and Arts. 
The Mechanics of Ventilation. I. By Geo. W. Rafter, 

C. E. 
The Position and Prospects of the British Iron Trade. 
Explosion of Steam Boilers. By John W. Hill, M. E. 
On the Bottom Velocity and the Velocity Scale of Riv- 
ers. By J.Schlichting. 
Mr. C. D. Marr on Marine Engines; Draining ot the 

Zuyder Zee. 
Reports of Engineering Societies. 
How Siemens Steel is Made ; Danks Iron ; Manufacture 

of Slag "Wool. 
Rarchaert's Total Adherence Locomotive ; Continuous 

Railway Brakes. 
The Bridge of the New Cincinnati Southern R. R., over 

the Kentucky River; The Hudson River Tunnel; 

The Channel Tunnel ; The Wrought Iron Bridge Co., 

of Canton, Ohio. 
Mr. Brassey on Gunboats. 
Power of Electric Light ; Defences of Victoria ; Davyum: 

A New Metal. 



The present widely extended interest in hydraul- 
ic and sanitary science, is plainly evidenced by 
the many inquiries we have respecting Fanning's 
elaborate treatise on Hydraulic and Water- Supply 
Ejjgmeering, recently issued by us. These in- 
quiries come not only from hydraulic engineers, and 
commissioners of public water supplies, but from 
railroad engineers, persons interested in sanitary 
science and improvements, manufacturers and 
others interested in water powers, instructors, and 
from technological students. 

We have thought it advisable to give in this 
number of the Record (pages 31 to 38 inclusive) 
a list of the chapter headings and of the tables. 
We may remark, however, that the chapter head- 
ings do but merely indicate the line of discussion 
of the general subjects of the three main divisions 
of the work, and not the fullness of treatment of 
each successive detail, or the thoroughness of re- 
search which has made possible a treatise, at once 
full, clear, and concise. The list of the tables 
which are interspersed throughout the work, will 
indicate more fully the mass of statistics which 
have been gathered as incident to the subjects, 
and the useful portions of the same that have been 
tabulated for convenient practical use. We ap- 
pend to the list a few brief extracts from press 
notices, showing the favor with which the work is 
received both here and abroad. 



On page 40 of this issue of the Record will be 
found title page and contents of a new work on 
the " Determination of Rocks," which forms an in- 
troduction to the more advanced treatises on Li- 
thology. It is a work which has been needed for 
some years, for there is no other book in the 
English language giving specfic directions for the 



practical examination and classification of rocks. 
Up to the present time the student who reads 
English only had no means of knowing how to 
name such rocks as he met, even although he had 
read the few text books on this subject attentively. 
The time is soon coming when a report of a topo- 
graphical survey, for any purpose, will be consid- 
ered incomplete if the lithology of the district be 
not accurately described. The last volume of the 
government report of the great survey west of the 
looth meridian, is devoted entirely to the rocks 
oAhat region, but the average student will find it 
a difficult task to understand if his previous knowl- 
edge of the subject has been derived from English 
works only. To prepare the way for a wider 
knowledge of this growing subject by presenting 
in a practical way the rudiments, is the object of 
Prof. Plympton's little book. A knowledge of the 
proper use of the blowpipe ; enough skill in weigh- 
ing to determine specific gravity ; and the simp- 
lest possible experimental tests in qualitative anal- 
ysis, are the chief acquirements called for in the 
beginner. 

The Egyptian General Staff has commenced a 
series of publications relating to explorations in the 
remote provinces of Egypt. Of these Part i 
(1874) has already appeared, being a summary of 
Letters and Reports of his Excellency, the Gov- 
ernor General of the Provinces of the Equator. 
It is a well printed octavo pamphlet of 90 pages 
with Maps and Views. A Report on the Prov- 
inces of Kardofan will soon follow, and others are 
in due course. 

The following papers of *' The Institution of 
Civil Engineers" London, have recently been 
printed. 
Stooke on the " Whiston Pumping Station, St. Helen's, 

Lancashire." 
Baldwin on "Tunnel Constructions." 
Soultar on " Street Tramways." 
Armstrong on " Water Pre sure Machinery." 
Haycraft on " Manufacturing Charcoal for Gunpowder." 

Colonel Geo. T. Balch for many years an officer 
of the Ordnance Department, U. S. Army, and who 
for the past two years has been engaged in super- 
intending the compilation of the very complete In- 
ventory of the estate of the Erie Railway Com- 
pany under its present Receivership, has just pub- 
lished a work of permanent value to Railway 
officers and students of railway organization and 
administration, entitled, " A General Classification 
of Railway Rights, Realties and Personalties, de- 
signed to facilitate the work of taking an accurate 
Inventory of such property. " No classification of 
Railway property has ever before appeared in 



D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 



27 



print, except a 40 page paitiphlet by the same 
author, a few copies of which were issued in 
August, 1875, as an aid for the officers engaged in 
I describing the Erie property. The present edition 
is a handsome folio of 75 pages, embracing the 
indices used in the copy of the Inventory in 19 vol- 
umes folio prepared for the Supreme Court of 
New York. 

A brief account of the circumstances which led 
I to the preparation of this classification, and of the 
i origin, progress and use of the inventory work of 
which it forms a part, is given in the preface. 
This work is only the precursor of the very com- 
prehensive and voluminous one on which Col. 
Balch pas long been engaged, namely. " A system 
of Bank Forms designed for Inventorying and In- 
specting Railway Property." That portion of the 
text relating to Railroad Real Estate, embracing 
142 separate forms, one set making 900 pages 
folio, will be ready early in January next. It is 
expected that the entire system comprising 360 
forms, each having printed on it elaborate instruc- 
tions for its use, will be completed in about a 
year. The price of the present work is $5.00. 



The fifth part of Geo. E. Woodward's Alphabets 
and Monograms has appeared. The work will be 
completed in 20 Parts. It is finely printed on 
heavy paper quarto size. Price is 50 cents per part. 



The Commercial Advertiser of Sept. 19th, 
speaks of Shield's little work on " Emgineering 
Constructions " as follows : 

A technical book of great value from the mass of in- 
formation contained in a compact and accessible form is 
"Engineering Construction," just issued by J. E. 
Shields, C.E., from the press of Van Nostrand. The 
book, which is only of 138 pages, is divided into four de- 
partments, "Foundations," "Masonry," ''Tunnels," 
and " Engineering Geodesy." The object of the author 
is simply to direct attention to the true principles of con- 
struction as declared by the highest authorities, and 
tested by his own experience in a professional practice 
of many years. To the non-professional reader this 
work is not without interest, since it imparts information 
and describes many methods which do not require an 
engineer's education to make use of at times. But 
it is strictly a professional work. 



For converting kilogrammes into pounds avoir- 
dupois. 
For converting drams into grammes. 
" " pounds " kilogrammes. 

" " drams avoirdupois into grains troy. 

Ounces and drams to decimals of a pound avoir- 
dupois, or drams to decimals of an ounce. 
Pounds avoirdupois to tons and vice versa. 
For converting millimetres into inches. 
'* " metres into feet. 

" " " to yards. 

" '* cubic centimetres to cubic inches. 

" " " metres to cubic yards. 

" '* inches into millimetres. 

" '* feet to metres. 

'* " yards to metres. 

Cubic inches into cubic centimetres. 

'* yards to cubic metres. 
Littres to pints and vice versa. 
Table for converting atmospheres into tons, and 

vice versa. 
Table of tons converted into atmospheres taken at 
760 M M (29.92 inches) of mercury =14-7 lbs 
per square inch =152-381 atmospheres per ton. 
For converting tons per square inch into kilo- 
grammes per square centimetre, and vice versa. 
Comparison of the scales of Fahrenheit's, the Cen- 
tigrade and Reamur's Thermometers. 
Table of Natural Sines, Tangents, Secants and 

Logarithms. 
Table of Four Figure Logarithms. 
Problems in " " 

Probable Rectangles. 

Table of dimensions of Probable Rectangles. 
The whole forms a dainty, square little book, 
fitting nicely in the pocket, clearly printed on 
good paper, and bound in limp cloth covers. 
The price is but 50 cents. 



Among the books of tables before the public, a 
little work by W. H. Noble, is not in as general 
use, as its merits and cheapness, as well as com- 
pactness, would seem to warrant. It contains 
considerable as will be seen by the following sum- 
mary of contents : 
Metric Measures of Weights — 
For converting grammes into drams avoirdupois. 
'* " grammes into grains troy and vice 

versa. 



The following review of Mott's " Chemist's 
Manual " appears in the London Mining Journal 
of June 23d : 

That one's private note-book frequently contains 
facts of greater utility than anything to be found in the 
most carefully arranged text-book, because it is inten- 
tionally adapted to one especial object and nothing else, 
has long been acknowledged, and it is upon this con- 
sideration such works is that of Dr. Henry A, Mott, Jr., 
will certainly have a very favourable reception among 
those for whom It is intended. In recommendation of 
the work, Prof. Chandler, Dean of Faculty, of the Co- 
lumbia College School of Mines, very truly remarks 
that the literature of analytical chemistry in the various 
branches of qualitative, quantitative, blow-pipe, and 
technical analysis, and assaying, has expanded to such 
a degree as to make it impossible for students and even 
for most professional chemists to possess a complete 
library in these branches of science: moreover, much 
of the literature is sealed to many chemists by being 
published in French or German, or in Journals or trans- 



28 



D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 



actions of Societies which are inaccessible. A further 
embarrassment arises from the multiplicity of methods 
given in special works from which few can select with- 
out first testing several. Dr. Mott has carefully selected 
those methods which work best and are most reliable 
in the hands of the general manipulator, and thus assists 
him to secure the results he is seeking— his book is, in 
fact, an intelligent student's note-book systematised and 
perfected into a book of reference. 

Tables of the Elements and of Specific Heat, of course, 
occupy the first place, and the section on Qualitative 
Analysis includes an account of the deportment of the 
metals and their salts with reagents ; scheme for quali- 
tative analysis, detection of acids, table of analytical 
chemistry, Zettnow's scheme for qualitative analysis, 
reactions of fat oils, tests for impurities in phar- 
macopoeial preparations, and of the influence of organic 
substances on the precipitation of metallic oxides, Zett- 
now's scheme, which renders sulphuretted hydrogen 
and sulphide of ammonium unnecessary, and Stas-Otto's 
scheme for the Detection of Alkaloids, are particularly 
interesting, although the former is not likely, one would 
think, to supplant Fresenius's scheme when the sulphur- 
etted hydrogen and sulphide of ammonium are withm 
reach. 

The methods for the detection and separation of alka- 
loids described by Trapp in the Jahresbericht and in 
the Vierteljahresschuft fiir Prak. Pharm., are carefully 
given. Attfield's Table of Tests for Impurities in 
Pharmacopoeial Preparations is reprinted ; as is also, 
with very slight alterations, Egleston's scheme for the 
qualitative determination of substances by the blow-pipe, 
and Cornwall's method for the determination of bismuth 
in the presence of lead and antimony, both of which 
have been published in the Mining Journal. There 
are elaborate tables of specific gravities, the Mineral- 
ogical notes include only the principal of those which 
have been usefully applied in the arts, so that all the in- 
formation usually required is compressed into a very 
small space. With regard to the diamond, Dr. Mott re- 
marks that as it is very difficult to distinguish it from 
some closely allied stones, it is better not to trust to the 
judgment alone, though some jewellers think they 
can detect the diamond with ease ; he, therefore, inserts 
Prof. Egleston's table for the determination by scientific 
means. The diamond has a density of 3.52 — 3.55, simple 
refraction, the index of refraction being 2.455 (which 
really distinguishes it from all other stones), and the 
electricity is positive but not durable. Ruby, sapphire, 
and oriental amethyst have — density, 3.9 — 4.3; refrac- 
tion, double I axis ; index of refraction, 1.765 ; electricity 
last several hours. The corresponding particulars for 
chrysoberyl are 3.5—3-8; double 1.760; lasts several 
hours. White topaz, which has often been mistaken for 
diamond— indeed, there are some who doubt whether 
the so-called Portuguese diamond of 148 carats is not 
merely a white topaz— has density, 3.4—3.6 ; refraction, 
double 2 axes; index of refraction, 1.635; and retains 
electricity for more than 24 hours. For chrysolite the 
details are— density, 3.3—3.5; refraction, double; index, 
1.660; electricity, positive; emerald— density, 2,6 — 2.8; 
refraction, double i axis; index, 1,585; electricity, pos- 
itive ; spinal, 3.4—3.8; simple, 1,755, and not tried ; zir- 
con, 4.4 — 4,6; double, I axis, 1.990; and positive not 
durable. Quartz corresponds in almost every particular 
with emerald, though differing in hardness and color, 
having — density, 2.6—2.8; refraction, double i axis; 
index, 1.549'; electricity positive, not durable; and strass 
is of variable density, usually about 3.5; simple refrac- 
tion ; its electricity being variable and not durable. 



With regard to stoichiometric calculations, the exam- 
ples are taken from Barker, whence also it should have 
been mentioned the admirable table of the nature of 
molecules is also quoted and acknowledged. Then fol- 
lows a chapter of schemes for the quantitative analysis 
of the most frequently occurring compounds, embracing 
not only the ordinary ores and minerals, but urine, 
blood, milk, and sugar. Descriptions are given of the 
methods of assaying iron ore, gold, and silver, lead, an- 
timony, and platinum ; a section on the Chemistry of 
Man ; and about 100 pages of miscellaneous information 
concluding the volume. 

Both to students and practical men Dr. Mott's manual 
will prove of the utmost possible value, since by bringing 
together in a compact and readily accessible form all the 
information usually required, it will be a very satisfac- 
tory substitute for quite an extensive reference library 
on the subjects dealt with. 



The following review of "Douglass and Pres- 
cott's Chemical Analysis " appeared in the Chem- 
ical News ^ (London) for June 15th, 1877. 

This book is in reality, as its second title affirms, a guide 
in the practical study of chemistry and in the work of anal- 
ysis. It is not a mere body of directions to be blindly fol- 
lowed by the student without his having learnt the reason 
why. If this book be faithfully studied, the habits of "au- 
tomatic operation" and " superficial observation" — too 
often the only acquirements' learnt in a laboratory — will be 
accompanied by a sound knowledge of the princij>les on 
which the plans of qualitative analysis are based. Indeed, if 
we had before us for review nothing but one more mere 
manual of analysis, distinguished from the ever-increasing 
crowd of such manuals, to which the attention of teachers 
and learners is being continually called, by no distinctive 
superiority, we doubt whether our readers would have 
thanked us for noticing the book. But the volume before 
us shows so many marks of ability in its conception, and 
care in its execution, that it is a real pleasure to speak de- 
cisively in its favor. 

In criticising a volume on chemical analysis the minuter 
details of the treatment adopted would be out of place. 
But we may give our readers a summary of the contents of 
the book, and we may also convey some notion of the. style 
in which the subject is handled in a very few lines. 

After a few preliminary remarks, very sound and intelli- 
gible, on the study of chemical analysis, we reach the two 
chief chapters of the book, relating to the reactions of the 
metals and acids, respectively. Here the rarer metals and 
non-metals are introduced, but the rarer organic acids are 
excluded as notjadmitting of adequate discussion in a 
manual for students' use. Indeed, if we include such or- 
ganic acids as succinic and salicylic in a handbook of or- 
dinary qualitative analysis, such organic bases as methy- 
lamine and quinine can scarcely be omitted. Nearly two 
hundred pages are thus occupied with what may be called 
the comparative chemistry of the metals and bases of 
the non-metals and acids. There is no shirking of explana- 
tions. Reactions are duly displayed, while a running com- 
mentary explains at once why certain properties and 
changes are utilized in the processes of separation, and, 
also, how this is done. That the reactions are chronicled 
with adequate fullness may be gathered from a single exam- 
ple which we take, haphazard, from the account of iron 
compounds, which occupies more than five pages, (47 to 
52):- 

" Iron dissolves in hydrochloric acid and in dilute sul- 
phuric acid, to ferrous salts, with liberation of hydrogen 



D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 



29 



(a) ; in moderately dilute nitric acid, with heat, to ferric 
nitrate, liberating chiefly nitrate oxide (d) ; in cold dilute 
nitric acid, forming ferrous nitrate with production of am- 
monium nitrate (c), of nitrous oxide (d), or of hydrogen (e) :— 

a. Fe+H^ S04=Fe SO4 + 2 H. 

d. 2Fe+8HN03=Fe2(N03)6+2NO+4H20 

c. 4Fe-f-ioHN03=4Fe (N03)2+NH4N03+3 

H2O. 

d. 4 Fe+io H N03,=4 Fe(N03)24-N20+5H20 

e. Fe+2 H NOg^Fe (N03)2+2 H." 

After the foregoing reactions and plans of separation, we 
find a concise account of the " Preliminary Examination," 
including blow-pipe analysis ; then follows the systematic 
analysis of solutions, and a full account of the solubilities 
of salts. The two pages (245-6) devoted to Reagents do 
not suffice for a useful discussion of this subject. 



General T. F. Rodenbough's work, '*From 
Everglades to Canon with the Second Dragoons," 



was noticed in The Magazine of American History^ 
for February, as follows : 

" A Comprehensive Mennoir de Service," astheauthor> 
who was a Captain in the Second Cavalry, terms in his 
preface this extended account cf his long conection with 
the Army. It includes personal reccoUections chronic- 
ally arranged ; contributed by General Cook, Colonel 
Lee, Majors Thompson and Davis; an account of oper- 
ations of the Cavalry of the Army of the Potomac in 
1863 ; the experience of Colonels Leoser and Harrison 
and Major Smith, under Sheridan in the famous campaign 
of 1864, and a description by Lieutenant Doane of the 
exploration of the great Yellow Stone National Park, 
by his regiment ; to these are added, Letters of a Sub- 
altern by a young officer of the Second Cavalry ; a 
Trumpeter's Notes, by no means the least interesting of 
the series; and a Roll of Honor, in which the extraordin- 
ary " faits d'armes " of enlisted men are recorded. In 
the preparation of this Volume, the archives of the war 
department have been freely opened to the writer, and 
if our opinion be worth anything, we should say that 
technical accuracy of statement, purely military and 
amusing details of general interest are happily blended. 



LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHED SINCE OUE LAST ISSUE. 



Balch. (Lt.-Col. ,G. T., C.E., late of Ordnance 
Dept., U.S.A.) A General Classification of Rail- 
way Rights, Realities and Personalities. De- 
signed to faciltate the taking of an actual inven- 
tory of such property. Folio, 75 pp. Paper. . .$ 5 go 

Chabirand, (G.) Brault, (L.) Traite d' Astrono- 
mic et de Meieorologie appliquees a la Naviga- 
tion, Tome Premier, Astronomie. Par G. Chabi- 
rand. 8 vo, paper. Paris, 1877 400 

Christian!, (B. S.) A Comprehensive Treatise 
on Perfumery, Containing a History of Per- 
fumes, a Complete Description of the Raw Ma- 
terials, and Apparatus used in the Perfumer's 
Art. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. Phila., 1877 500 

Dupont & Auberville, (M.) Ornamental Textile 
Fabrics of all Ages and Nations. A Practical 
Collection of Specimens. 50 plates in gold and 
Silver Colors, comprising upwards of 1000 Vari- 
ous Styles of Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern 
Ornamental Designs of Textile Fabrics, with 
Explanatory Descriptions, and a General Intro- 
duction. One vol., folio, cloth, gilt, extra 40 00 

Hellyer, (S. S.) The Plumber, and Sanitary 
Houses. A Practical Treatise on the Principles 
of Internal Plumbing Work ; or, the Best Means 
for Effectually Excluding Noxious Gases from 
our Houses. 8vo, cloth, illustrated. London, 



1877. 



3 50 



Hildenbrand. (W.) Cable Making for Suspension 
Bridges, with especial reference to the Cables 
of the East River Bridge, i6mo, boards. New 

York, 1877 50 

(Van Nostrand's Science Series.) 

Jannettaz, (E.) A Guide to the Determinations 
of Rocks, being an introduction to Lithology. 
Translated from the French by Prof. G. W. 
Plympton. lamo, cloth. New York, 1877 200 

Kempe, (B. A.) How to Draw a Straight Line. 
A Lecture on Linkagss. lamo, cloth, with nu- 
mergus illustrations. " Nature Series." 50 



Latham, (B.) Sanitary Engineering. A Guide to 
the Construction of Works of Sewerage and 
House Drainage, with Tables for facilitating the 
Calculations of the Engineer ; to which is added 
an appendix, giving Specimen Copy of Propo- 
sals for Estimates and Specifications for the Con- 
struction of a Sewer in New York City ; also, 
a Paper on the Planning and Building of 
Sewers, translated expressly for this work. 
Small folio ; many plates. Chicago, 1877 $ 3 00 

Mault, (A.) Natural Geometry. An Introduc- 
tion to the Logical Study of Mathematics. i2mo, 
cloth. London, 1877 50 

Mayer, (A.M. Prof ) Barnard, (Chas.) Light: A 
Series of Simple, Entertaining and Inexpensive 
Experiments in the Phenomena of Light, for 
the use of Students of every Age. i2mo, cloth. 
New York, 1877 1 00 

Perreanx, (L. GO Lois de I'Univers; Principes de 
la Creation. 2 vols, 8vo. Paris, 1877 640 

Perry, (Ed.) Modern Observations on Rifle 
Shooting, with an Improved System of Score 
Book. i2mo, tucks. New York, 1877 100 

Potter, (Thos.) Concrete : Its use in Building, 
and the Construction of Concrete Walls, Floors, 
etc., with illustrations. i2mo, cloth. London, 

1877 I 75 

Report of the Proceedings before a Committee of 
the House of Commons on the Crj-^stal Palace 
District Gas, and the Gas Light,, and Coke 
Company's Bills. Sulphur Compounds in Gas. 
8vo, cloth, London, 1877 2 50 

Koscoe, (H. E.) & Schorlemmer, (C.) A Treatise 
on Chemistry. Volume i. The Non-metallic 
Elements. With illustrations, and a portrait of 
Dalton. 8vo, cloth. London, 1877 1050 

Tramways, Report from the Select Committee 
on Tramways— (use of mechanical power)— to- 
gether with the Proceedings of the Committee, 
Minutes of Evidence, &c. Folio paper. Lon- 
don, 1877 ^ 5° 



30 D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 

One Volume, 16mo. Boards, 37 Illustrations, ^A^ith. 4 Folding Plates. 
Price SO Cts. Forming No. 32 of Van Nostrand's Science Series. 



CABLE-MAKING 

FOR 

SUSPENSION BRIDGES, 



WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE 



Cables of the East River Bridge. 

BY ' 

WiLHELM HlLDENBRAND, C. E. 



PREFACE. 

The following treatise was originally written for Vcdi Nostrand'' s Eclectic Engmeering Magazine^ 
and published in a series of articles. It contains in general a description of the manufacture of 
wire cables, after the method invented and patented by the late John A. Roebling, and followed by 
him and his son, Col. W. A. Roebling, in the construction of the largest suspension bridges of this 
country . It also includes such theoretical investigations as pertain to an exact regulation of a cable, 
or chain, which* may be found convenient in practice. The data of these calculations, as well as 
the diagrams of the apparatus and the description of the method of working, are taken from the 
East River Bridge, which, by its magnitude and present erection, is a fit example. In view of the 
fact that the method of cable-making described is comparatively new and not generally known, and 
that great interest has been manifested by American and foreign engineers in the construction of 
the East River Bridge, and particularly of the cables, it is hoped, that the following pages, if they 
succeed in contributing something to the information of those interested in the subject, will not be 
unfavorably received. 

W. Hildenbrand. 
New Yorky Sept. 1st, 1 87 7. 

*,* Copies sent by mail on receipt of price. 



D, Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 31 



One volume, octavo, 620 pages, 180 illustrations, fine cloth binding, $6.00, 
*=;:* Copies sent by mail, post paid, on receipt of price. 



PRACTICAL TREATISE 



WATER-SUPPLY ENGmEERING: 



KELATING TO THE 



HYDROLOGY, HYDRODYNAMICS, AND PRACTICAL 

CONSTRUCTION OF WATER-WORKS, IN 

NORTH AMERICA. 



WITH NUMEROUS 

TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 



BY 

J. T. FANNING, C. E., 

MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETr OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. 



NEW YORK: 
D. VAN NOSTRAND, PUBLISHER, 

23 MURRAY STREET & 27 WARREN STREET. 

1877. 



32 



D, Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 



WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING. 



CONTENTS 



SECTION I. 



Collection and Storage or Water, and its Impurities. 



Chap. I. — Introductory 25 — 31 

II. — Quantity of Water Required 31 — 46 

III.— Rainfall 46— 65 

IV.— Flow of Streams. 65— 84 

V. — Storage and Evaporation of Water 84 — 94 

VI. — Supplying Capacity of Watersheds.. 94 — 102 

VII.— Springs and Wells 102—112 

VIII.— Impurities of Water 112—139 

IX.— Well, Spring, Lake, and River Supplies 139—161 



SECTION 11. 



Flow of Water through Sluices, Pipes, and Channels. 



Chap. X. — Weight, Pressure, and Motion of Water 161 — 194 

XL— Flow of Water through Orifices 194—213 

■ ' ' XII.— Flow of Water through Short Tubes 213—223 

XIII.— Flow of Water through Pipes under Pressure 223—277 

XIV.— Measuring Weirs and Weir Gauging 277—299 

XV.— Flow of Water in Open Channels 299—332 



D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 



CONTENTS. 



SECTION III, 

Practical Oonstruction" of Water-Works, 

Chap. XVI. — Reservoir Embankments and Chambers 333 — 370 

XVII.— Open Canals 370—377 

' XVIII.— V^aste Weirs 377—390 

XIX.— Partitions and Retaining Walls. 390—431 

XX.— Masonry Conduits ...'....,... / . 431—446 

'' XXI.— Mains and Distribution Pipes .446—493 

" XXII. — Distribution Systems, and Appendages. 493 — 530 

" XXIII.— Clarification of Water. .'...... . . . i' .530—557 

" XXIV.— Pumping of Water. .........: 557—585 

XXV.— Systems of Supply. 585—593 

APPENDIX. \ 

PAGES 

Miscellaneous Memoranda 593 — 610 




pumping station, MILWAUKEE. 



34 T>. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 



LIST OF TABLES. 



Table No. Page 

1. Population, Families, and Dwellings in Fifty American Cities 32 

2. Water Supplied, and Piping in several Cities 38 

3. Water Supplied in years 1870 and 1874 39 

4. Average Gallons of Water Supplied to each Inhabitant 40 

5. Ratios of Monthly Consumption of Water in 1874 ., . . 43 

6. Mean Rainfall in different River Basins 51 

7. Rainfall in the United States 53 

8. Volumes of Rainfall per minute for given inches of Rain per twenty- 
four hours 62 

9. Flood Volumes from given Watershed Areas 67 

10. Summary of Rainfall upon the Cochituate Basin 72 

11. Summary of Rainfall upon the Croton Basin 72 

12. Summary of Rainfall upon the Croton West-Branch Basin 73 

13. Summary of Percentage of Rain Flowing from the Cochituate Basin. . . 73 

14. Summary of Percentage of Rain Flowing from the Croton Basin 73 

15. Summary of Percentage of Rain Flowing from the Croton West-Branch 

Basin 74 

16. Summary of Volume of Flow from the Cochituate Basin 74 

17. Summary of Volume of Flow from the Croton Basin 74 

18. Summary of Volume of Flow from the Croton West- Branch Basin. ... 75 

19. Estimates of Minimum, Mean, and Maximum Flow of Streams 75 

20. Monthly Ratios of Flow of Streams 76 

21. Ratios of Mean MonthlJ' Rain and Inches of Rain Flowing each Month 77 

22. Equivalent Volumes of Flow for given Depths of Rain in One Month. 82 

23. Equivalent Volumes of Flow for given Depths of Rain in One Year.. . 83 

24. Evaporation from Water 8g 

25. Mean Evaporation from Earth 89 

26. Monthly Ratios of Evaporation from Reservoirs 92 

27. Multipliers for Equivalent Inches of Rain Evaporated 92 

28. Monthly Supply to and Draft from a Reservoir (with Compensation). . 96 

29. Monthly Supply to and Draft from a Reservoir (without Compensation) 97 

30. Ratios of Monthly Rain, Flow, Evaporation, and Consumption loi 

31. Percolation of Rain into One Square Mile of Porous Soil m 

32. Analyses of Various Lake, Spring, and Well Waters 117 

•33. Analyses of Various River and Brook Waters 118 

34. Analyses of Various Streams in Massachusetts 120 

35. Analyses of Various Water Supplies from Domestic Wells 121 



D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 35 



LIST OF TABLES. 

Table No. Fage 

36. Artesian Well Temperatures 127 

37. Analyses of Various Mineral Spring Waters 143 

38. Weights and Volumes of Water at Diflferent Temperatures 166 

39. Pressures of Water at Stated Depths 172 

40. Correspondent Heights, Velocities, and Times of Falling Bodies 190 

41. Coefficients from Michelotti's Experiments with Orifices 198 

42. Coefficients from Bossut's Experiments with Orifices 199 

43. Coefficients from Rennie's Experiments with Orifices 199 

44. Coefficients from Lespinasse's Experiments with Orifices 201 

45. Coefficients from General Ellis's Experiments with Orifices 203 

46. Coefficients for Rectangular Orifices (vertical) 205 

47. Coefficients for Rectangular Orifices (horizontal) 206 

48. Castel's Experiments with Convergent Tubes 217 

49. Venturi's Experiments with Divergent Tubes 219 

50. Eytelwein's Experiments with Compound Tubes 220 

51. Coefficients of Efflux {() for Short Pipes 227 

52. Experimental Coefficients of Flow (m) by Darcy 237 

53. Experimental Coefficients of Flow (m) by Fanning 238 

54. Experimental Coefficients of Flow (m) by Du Buat 238 

55. Experimental Coefficients of Flow (w) by Bossut 238 

56. Experimental Coefficients of Flow (m) by Couplet 239 

57. Experimental Coefficients of Flow (m) by Provis 239 

58. Experimental Coefficients of Flow [m) by Rennie 239 

59. Experimental Coefficients of Flow (m) by Darcy 240 

60. Experimental Coefficients of Flow (m) by General Greene and others. . 240 

61. Tabulated Series of Coefficients of Flow (m) 242 

62. Coefficients for Clean, Slightly Tuberculated, and Foul Pipes 248 

63. Various Formulas for Flow of Water in Pipes 254 

64. Velocities (v) for given Slopes and Diameters 259 

65. Tables of h and k' due to given Velocities 264 

66. Values of Cv and c for Tubes 267 

66a. Sub-coefficients of Flow (c) in Pipes 271 

67. Coefficients of Resistance in Bends 274 

68. Experimental Weir Coefficients 288 

69. Coefficients for given Depths upon Weirs 289 

70. Discharge for given Depths upon Weirs 290 

eir Coefficients by Castel 291 

eries of Weir Coefficients by Smeaton and others 291 

73. Coefficients for Wide Weir-crests 294 

74. Observed and Computed Flows in Canals and Rivers 307 

75. Coefficients {m) for Open Channels 308 

76. Various Formulas for Flow in Open Channels 310 

77. Weights of Embankment Materials 341 

78. Angles of Repose, and Frictions of Embankment Materials 345 

79. Dimensions of Water Supply and Irrigation Canals 373 

80. Waste-Weir Volumes for given Depths 380 

81. Lengths and Discharges of Waste-Weirs 381 



D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 



LIST OF TABLES. 

Table No. Page 

82. Thicknesses of Masonry Weirs and Dams 387 

83. Heights of Reservoir and Lake Waves 388 

84. Coefficients of Masonry Frictions 396 

85. Computed Pressures in Masonrj'- 403 

86. Limiting Pressures upon Masonry 404 

87. Dimension of Walls to Retain Water -s 406 

88. Dimension of Walls to Sustain Earth 420 

89. Thicknesses of a Curved-face Wall 422 

90. Hydraulic Mean Radii for Circular Conduits 442 

goa. Coefficients {m) for Smooth Conduits 444 

91. Conduit Data 445 

92. Tenacities of Wrought Pipe Metals 451 

93. Thicknesses of Cast-iron Pipes 455 

93fl. Thicknesses of Cast-iron Pipes as used in several Cities 456 

94. Parts of an Inch and Foot expressed Decimally 457 

95. Dimensions of Cast-iron Water-pipes 461 

96. Flange Data of Flanged Cast-iron Pipes 462 

97. Various Formulas for Thicknesses of Cast-iron Pipes 466 

98. Weights of Cast-iron Pipes 468 

<^%a. Weights of Cast-iron Pipes as used in several Cities 469 

99. Thicknesses of Wrought-iron Pipe Shells 486 

100. Thicknesses and Weights of Iron Plates 488 

loi. Frictional Head in Pipes 495 

102. Relative Discharging Capacities of Pipes 500 

103. Depths to lay Water-pipes in different Latitudes 502 

104. Elementary Dimensions of Pipes 504 

105. Maximum Advisable Velocity of Flow in Pipes 508 

106. Diameters of Pipes to supply given Numbers of Hose Streams 510 

107. Experimental Volumes of Fire Hydrant Streams 520 

108. Frictional Head in Service Pipes 528 

109. Dimensions of Filter-beds for given Volumes 554 

no. Piston Spaces for given Arcs of Crank Motion 562 

111. Ratios of Piston Motions for given Crank Arcs 564 

112. Costs of Pumping in Various Cities 575 

113. Special Trial Duties of Various Pumping Engines 580 

114. Comparative Consumptions of Coal at Different Duties \ . 581 

115. Fuel Expenses for Pumping compared on Duty Bases 581 

116. Comparison of Values of Pumping-Engines on Fuel Bases 583 



The Appendix contains 16 additional tables and additional 
formulas, facts, and memoranda. 



D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 37 



LIST OF FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGE 

Public Fountain, Cincinnati 2 

Gateway, Chestnut Hill Reservoir, Boston 24 

Pumping Station, Toledo 31 

Diagram of Pumping, Annual 42 

Pumping Station, Millwaukee 45 

Diagrams of Rainfall 55 

Diagrams of Rainfall 57 

Diagrams of Secular Rainfall 59 

Section and Plan of Pump-House 65 

Reservoir Embankment, Norwich 84 

Intercepting Well, Prospect Park, Brooklyn 102 

Pumping Station, New Bedford 139 

Stand-Pipe, Boston 160 

Pumping Station, Manchester, 213 

Compound Duplex Pumping Engine 228 

Measuring Weir, for Turbine Test 277 

Fairmount Turbines and Pumps, Philadelphia 332 

Distributing Reservoir 383 

Compound Inverted Pumping-Engine 377 

Conduit Sections 431 

Cylindrical Penstock 440 

Forms of Pipe-Sockets and Spigots 446 

Branch , Reducer and Bend 478 

Double-Faced Stop-Valves 493 

Plan of a Pipe System 505 

Flush Fire Hydrants 531 

Pumping-Engine, No. 3, Brooklyn 557 

Cornish Plunge-Pump 563 

Compound Beam Pumping-Engine, Lynn 567 

Geared Pumping-Engine, Providence 573 

Hydraulic Power Pumping Machinery, Manchester 585 

Jonval Turbine 593 

Whole Number of Illustrations 180 



D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 



Brief extracts from notices in the scientific and daily press of 
Fanning^s new work on HYDRAULICS and ^^^ATER- 
SUPPLY ENGINEERING. 



This work, in its general appearance, is a credit to the 
publisher, and in its contents to the author. It contains 
full information on all branches of science necessary for the 
practical construction of water-works, . . . and gives 
very useful tables of reference to existing successful water- 
works in Boston, New York and other cities, while full-page 
illustrations give representations of the most remarkable 
structures of this kind of engineering. . . . It contains 
a very large amount of useful information. — Manufacturer 
and Builder, 



It will form a comprehensive Treatise on Rainfall, the 
Theory and Practice of Gathering and Storing Water for 
Power and Domestic Use, Clarification of Water, Flow of 
Water in Pipes and Canals, Raising of Water by Power, 
and on the Practical Construction of Reservoirs, Weirs, 
Dams, and Pipe Systems for the Distribution of Water in 
Cities and Towns. — Announcement Science Record. 



. . . The present volume, which is written by J. T. 
Fanning, C. E., member of the American Society of Civil 
Engineers, would seem to be a desideratum . . . and 
well adapted for the purpose of placing before the class of 
readers for whom it is especially designed, the latest facts 
and opinions in regard to the subjects to which it relates. — 
Boston Globe. 



. . . To those who have to estimate large quantities 
of water the statistics and diagrams will prove of great 
value. — Scientific American. 



. . . Each division of the subject is treated in an ex- 
haustive manner, and the whole work is so fully illustrated, 
and so replete with tables and formulae, that it constitutes a 
valuable addition to the professional library. Indeed it 
contains what one was hitherto obliged to seek through a 
mass of local reports, and to classify and qualify with a 
judgment which beginners often lack. — The Nation. 



This handsome work of 650 octavo pages and 180 clear 
wood engravings — all in the blackest of ink, clearest of large 
type, and finest of heavy tinted super-calendered paper — is 
a pleasure to the eye and a creditable specimen of the 
printer s art. ... In the work itself the author has 
done himself credit and rendered a service to the com- 
munity. . . . The work Ts also of interest and value to 
the intelligent non-official and non-professional citizen. . . , 
The author's style is concise and unambiguous, and the 
matter thorough, widely gleaned, well put, and properly 
^xxva%td,.— Polytechnic Review. 



. . . Mr. Fanning's volume, a handsome octavo of 
over 600 pages, covers so much ground and penetrates so 
deeply below its surface, that it is hardly likely to be super- 
seded for years to come. . . . The facts are given 
with all the minuteness required by the student or engineer, 
and are accompanied by full mathematical tables. . . . 
The illustrations are numerous, many of them full page. — 
Cincinnati Gazette. 



. . ■ . . Four points, especially, of excellence strike us 
immediately upon opening the book. These are the fine 
language in which the matter is conveyed ; the terseness and 
yet completeness of every paragraph ; the precision with 
which each topic is treated, the smallest details, seemingly, 
not being neglected ; and the enormous amount of valuable 
material which has been condensed within this volume. . ., 
The sciences of meteorology, physics, mathematics, geolo- 
gy, chemistry, etc., as far as involved, are exhaustively and 
yet plainly treated. . . . This book will be found an in- 
valuable aid to the student, as the formulae of centuries past 
found in text-books, are here corrected or abolished by the 
mean results of recent experiments, carefully conducted in 
several countries. — Acta Columbiana. Columbia College, 
N. Y. 



In this handsome volume we have a work long needed by 
city engineers, municipal water commissioners, and water 
works managers. . . It should be in il c library of every 
civil and hydraulic engineer, and accessible !.;. every water 
works board in the country. — Leffel's Milling and Me- 
chanical News. 



. . . We shall do the work serious injustice, however, 
if we leave upon the reader's mind the impression that the 
book is merely a technical treatise, a hand-book for engi- 
neers and water commissioners. It is in fact an elaborate 
treatise upon the whole subject of water and water supplies, 
and it will be read with very great interest and profit by 
the least scientific of thoughtful readers.— iV. F. Evening 
Post. 



. . . While professedly intended as a manual for water 
supply engineers and water commissioners, it is really the 
most thorough, complete, and systematic elucidation of the 
elementary principles of hydrology and hydrodynamics, 
with their application to practical hydraulic constructions 
and water supply systems that has yet appeared in the 
English language. The writer's long experience and repu- 
tation as a ^uccessful designer and constructor of hydraulic 
works and machinery, should give weight to what he has 
to say on these subjects. . . . This exhaustive treat- 
ment of his subject will undoubtedly give to this book the 
position of a standard treatise on hydraulics. — Van Nos- 
trand's Eclectic Engineering Magazine. 

... So many are interested in the supply of water to 
towns that full and accurate information respecting water 
supply engineering has become a necessity to a large num- 
ber of professional men, and the advantage of having all the 
facts required brought together in a single volume can 
scarcely be overrated, since it ensures a considerable saving 
of time and likewise gives confidenee that the information 
given can safely be applied to the particular matter in hand. 
The handsome volume just published, from the pen of Mr. 
J. T. Fanning, is precisely such a treatise as the hydraulic 
engineer will require. . . . Throughout the volume 
there is evidence of an aim at utility which will be very 
generally acceptable, and as Mr. Fanning was writing 
especially for practical men, he has been careful in every 
case to give the information in language which they will 
•readily understand, the theoretical discussions being inten- 
tionally in familiar language, and the formulae in simple ar- 
rangement. — The Mining journal, London. 



D. Van Nostrand's Monthly Record of Scientific Literature. 



39 



sar-A^ibTiD^^isnD -^p^OT^itsz^ 



HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 

FOR SALE BY 

D. VAN NOSTBAN D, 23 MUREAY, & 27 WABBEN STS . NEW YOBK. 

This List takes the place of the one in the Record, July 15, 1872. 



5 25 



2 50 



6 00 



Beloe, (Chas. H.) On the Construction of Catch- 
Water Reservoirs in Mountain Districts, for the 
Supply of Towns or for other purposes. 8vo, 

cloth. London, 1872 

The Liverpool Waterworks. 3d edition. 8vo 

pamphlet. London, 1875 

Besant,. (>V. H.) M.A. A Treatise on Hydro-Me- 
chanics. 3d edition. 8vo cloth. Cambridge, 1877. 
Beardniore, (Nathaniel.) Manual of Hydrology. 
Containing Hydraulic and other Tables ; Rivers, 
Flow of Water, Springs, Wells, and Percolation; 
Tides, Estuaries, and 'l"idal Rivers ; Rainfall and 

Evaporation. 8vo, cloth. London, 1862 

Borgnis, (M. T.) Des Machine Hydrauliques. 1 

vol. Quarto. Half Morocco 

Box, (TI1O8.) Practical Hydraulics. A Series of 
Rules and Tables for the use of Engineers. Fourth 

edition, i2mo, cloth. London, 1876 

Colden, (C. D.) Memoir prepared at the request of 
a Committee of the Common Council of the City of 
New York, at the Celebration of the New York 
Canal. Quarto ; old calf. New York, 1825. 

Scarce 

Ciinning^hain , (Capt. Allen.) Hydraulic Experi- 
ments at Roorkee, 1874-f . 8vo, pamphlet. Roor- 

kee, 1875 ." 

Corlield, (Prof. W. H.) Water and Water Supply. 

i6mo ; paper boards. New York, 1875 

Cullen, (Wm.) A Practical Treatise on the Con- 
struction of Horizontal and Vertical Water Wheels, 
with twelve plates, specially designed for the use of 
Operative Mechanics. By William Cullen. Second 
edition revised and enlarged. Quarto ; cloth. Lon- 
don, 1871 

D'Aabisson, de Yoisins. A Treatise on Hydraulics 
for the use of Engineers; translated by 'Joseph 
; Bennett. 8vo, cloth. Very scarce. Boston, 1852.. 1 
Darcy, (H.) et Bazin, (H.) Recherches Hydrau- 
liques Entreprises. 2 vols, and 2 Atlases ; 410, in 

paper. Paris, 1865 1 

De Cessart, (Louis A.) Description des Travaux 
Hydrauliques. 2 quarto vols, with 67 full page and 

double plates. Rare. Paris, 1806 20 00 

De Prony, Nouvelle (M.) Architecture Hydraulique. 

2 vols. ; quarto. Paris, 1790 

Downiiifc, (Samuel.) The elements of Practical 

, . Hydraulics for the use of Students in Engineering. 

Part L 3d edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo, 

• cloth. London, 1875 275 

Dubuat, (M.) Principes d' Hydraulique et de Pyro- 
dynamique verifies par un grand nombre d'E.xperi- 
ences faites par ordre du Gouvernement. 3 vols., 

1 2mo, half. calf. Scarce. Paris, 18 16 750 

Ewbaii'k,' (Thomas.) A Descriptive and Historical 
account of Hydraulic and other Machines for Rais- 
ing Water, Ancient and Modern, with Observa ions 
on various subjects connected with the Mechanic 
Arts. One volume ; large Svo, cloth. Illustrated 
by nearly three hundred engravings. i6th edition, 

with additional matter. New York, 1876 6 00 

Fanning, (J. T.) A practical Treatise on Water 
Supply Engineermg ; relating to the Hydrology, 
Hydrodynamics and Practical Construction of 
Water Works in North America; with numerous 
tables and illustrations. 8vo, cloth ; illustrated. 

New York, 1877 600 

Francis, (Jas. B.) Lowell Hydraulic Experiments 
on Hydraulic Motors, on the flow of Water over 
Weirs, and in Canals of Uniform Rectangular Sec- 
tion, and of Short Length ; made at Lowell, Mass. 
New edition, revised and enlarged. One volume, 
4to ; cloth. Illustrated with 23 copper-plate full 
page engravings. New York, 1871 1500 



8 cx> 



Gerardin, (H.) Theorit^ des Moteurs Hydraulique. 
8vo. ; J4 morocco and small folio atlas. Paris, 
1872 8 00 

Genieys, (M.) Essai sur les Moyens de Conduire, 
d'Elever et de Distribuer les Eaux. One volume 
and atlas ; 4to, half morocco. Paris, 1829 15 75 

Glynn, (Joseph.) Treatise on the Power of Water, 
as applied to Drive Flour Mills, and to give Motion 
to Turbines and other Hydrostatic Engines. Third 
edition, revised and enlarged, with numerous illus- 
trations. i2mo, cloth. New York, 1871 100 

Hughes, (S.) Water Works for the Supply of Cities 
and Towns. i2mo, limp cloth. London, 1875.. .. . 160 

Huiuber, (Wni.) A comprehensive Treatise on the 
Water Supply of Cities and Towns, with numerous 
Specifications of existing water- works. Fifty double 
plates and upwards of 250 illustrations on wood. 
4to, half morocco. London, 1876 6000 

Henson, (William.) Principles and Practice of 
Embanking Lands from River Floods as applied 
to the " Levees" of the Mississippi. 2d edition. 
8 vo, cloth. New York, 1870 200 

Jacob, (Arthur.) The Designing and Construction 
of Storage Reservoirs. i6mo, paper boards. New 
York, 1875 

Jackson, (L. Da.) Hydraulic Manual. Part I— 
working Tables and Explanatory Text, intended 
as a Guide in Hydraulic Calculations and Field 
operations. Part II — consisting of Hydraulic Sta- 
tistics ; together, i vol., Svo, cloth. London, 1875. 

King, (Chas.) A Memoir of the Construction. Cost, 
and Capacity of the Croton Aqueduct. Quarto, 
cloth. New York, 1843 

Kirkwood, (James P.) Report on the Filtration of 
River Waters for the Supply of Cities as Practised 
in Europe, made to the Board of Water Commis- 
sioners of the City of St. Louis. One 4to volume. 
Illustrated by thirty full page plates. New York, 
1869 

Kutter^ (W. B.) The New Formula for Mean 
Velocity of Discharge of Rivers and Canals. 
Tran^ated by Louis Da Jackson. Svo, cloth. 
London, 1876 500 

LeflTel, (Jas. & Co.) The Construction of Mill 
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reservoir embankments and head gates, the 
measurement of streams, guaging of water supply,-. 
&c. Illustrated by numerous full page plates. Svo, 
cloth. Springfield, Ohio 254 

NeTille,'(J.) Hydraulic Tables, Co-efficients and 
Formula for Finding the Discharges of Water from 
Orifice^, Notches, Weirs, Pipes and Rivers. 3d 

edition, i2mo, cloth. London, 1875 

Report on the Physics and Hydraulics of the Missis- 
sippi River, upon the Protection of the Alluvial 
Regions against Overflow, and upon the Deepening 
of the Mouths, based upon Surveys and Investiga- 
tions. Prepared by Capt. A. A. Humphreys, U. 
S. A. One large volume, half Russia. Philadel- 
phia, 1861 

Bevy, (J. J.) Hydraulics of Great Rivers. Observ- 
ations and Surveys on the Largest Rivers of the 
World. Imperial quarto cloth, with 8 large plates 

and charts. London, 1874 

Spon, (Ernest.) The present Practice of Sinking 
and Boring Wells, with Geological Considerations 
and Examples of Wells Executed. lamo, cloth. 

London, 187S 

Schramke, (T.) Description of the New York Cro- 
ton Aqueduct. 4to, boards, with 20 plates. 2d 

edition. New York and Berlin, 1855.... 5 00 

Stevenson, (David.) The Principles and Practice 
of Canal and River Engineering. 2d edition. Svo, 
cloth. Illustrated with Plans, Charts, and Wood- 
cuts. Edinburgh, 1872 600 

Stevenson, (Thomas.) Harbors, their Design and 
Construction. In one volume, Svo. Illustrated 
with Wood-cuts and Plates. Edinburgh, 1864 5 25 



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A GUIDE 

TO THE 

MINATION OF ROCKS; 

NF INTRODUCTION TO LITHOLOGY. 



EDOUARD JANNETTAZ, 

Docteur en-Sciences. 
TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH 

By GEO. W. PLYMPTON, C.E., A.M., 

of Physical Science in the Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. 



TEANSLATOE'S PEEPACE. 

2s have been translated with a view to supplying students with a desirable 

lary academic course of Geology, at the samq time affording an easy intro- 

satises on Lithology. 

plan of the original work have been attempted. The English synonyms for 

;en taken mostly from Von Cotta's " Rocks Classified." 

a translation from "Cours Elementaire de Geologie Appliquee," by M. 

actical character of this little treatise, together with the simplicity of the 
n, constitute, it is believed, a suffifcient claim to the favorable notice of teach- 
, department of science. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



INTRODUCTION. 



ription of the more important minerals from a lithological point of view, 

I. Feldsp^thic Rocks. 
II. Pyroxenic and Hypersthenic Rocks. 
III. Amphibolic Rocks. 
IV, Epidote, Garnet, Disthene, etc. 
V. Micaceous Rocks. 

VI. Chloritic Rocks. . , 

VII. Peridote, Talc, and other Magnesian Silicates. '. . 

VIII. Argillaceous Schists and Slates. 
IX. Siliceous Rocks. 

X. Alkaline Rocks, ' 

XI. Rocks of the Alkaline Earths. 
XII. Aluminous Rocks with Silica. 

XIII. Metallic Rocks. 

XIV. Combustible Rocks. 

[ to be followed in practically determining Rocks. 
NDix. Dichotomic Table for determining rock species. 

''AN NO STRAND, Publisher, 



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